GROFF_FILENAMES(7)

NAME
groff_filenames — filename extensions for roff and groff

DESCRIPTION
Since the evolution of roff in the 1970s, a whole bunch of filename extensions for roff files were used.

The roff extensions refer to preprocessors or macro packages. These extensions are fixed in all Unix-like operating systems.

Later on, groff added some more extensions. We will now write a man-page about these filename extensions.

COMPRESSION OF ROFF FILES
Each roff file can be optionally compressed. That means that the total filename ends with a compressor name. So the whole filename has the structure <name>.<extension>[.<compression>].

Mostly known are the compressor extensions .Z, .gz, and .bzip2. Relatively new is .xz.

From now on, we will ignore the compressions and only comment the structure <name>.<extension>.

MAN-PAGES
The Unix manual pages are shortly named man-pages. The man-page style is the best known part of the roff language.

The extensions for man should be better documented. So this is documented here.

Files written in the man language use the following extension: *.<section>[<group>].

  Man-page Sections
The traditional man-page <section> is a digit from 1 to 8.

<name>.1
<name>.2
<name>.3
<name>.4
<name>.5
<name>.6
<name>.7
<name>.8
    Classic man-page sections.

Linux added the section number 9 for kernel man-pages.

<name>.9
    Linux kernel man-pages

In older commercial Unix systems, the 3 characters l, n, and o were also used as section names. This is today deprecated, but there are still documents in this format.

<name>.l
<name>.n
<name>.o
    Deprecated old man-page sections.

  Man-page Group Extensions
The <group> extension in .<section>[<group>] is optional, but it can be any string of word characters. Usually programmers use a group name that is already used, e.g. x for X Window System documents or tk to refer to the tk programming language.

Examples:

groff.1
    is the man-page for groff in section 1 without a group

xargs.1posix.gz
    is the man-page for the program xargs in section 1 and group posix; moreover it is compressed with gz (gzip).

config.5ssl
    OpenSSL CONF library configuration files from section 5 with group ssl.

dpkg-reconfigure.8cdebconf
    man-page for the program dpkg-reconfigure in section 8 and group cdebconf.

  Source of Man-pages
There are 2 roff languages for writing man-pages: man and mdoc.

The names of these 2 styles are taken as extensions for the source code files of man-pages in the groff package.

<name>.man
    traditional Unix-like man-page format within groff source files.

<name>.n
    A temporary man-page file produced from a name.man man-page by a run of make within the groff source package.

<name>.mdoc
    Man-page format in BSD.

<name>.1b
    Man-page format in heirloom roff .

<name>.mandoc
    Files using this extension recognize both man-page formats in groff and other processors.

TRADITIONAL TROFF EXTENSIONS

  Files Using Macro Packages
The classical roff languages were interpreted by the traditional troff and nroff programs.

There were several roff languages, each represented by a macro-package. Each of these provided a suitable file name extension:

<name>.me
    roff file using the me macro package.

<name>.mm
    roff file using the mm macro package

<name>.ms
    roff file using the ms macro package

All of these classical roff languages and their extensions are still very active in groff.

  Source Code for Macro Packages (TMAC Files)
In traditional roff the source code for the macro packages was stored in TMAC files. Their file names have the form:

tmac.<package>,
    <package> is the name of the macro package without the leading m character, which is reintegrated by the option -m.

For example, tmac.an is the source for the man macro package.

In the groff source, more suitable file names were integrated, see later on.

  Preprocessors
Moreover, the following preprocessors were used as filename extension:

<name>.chem
    for the integration of chemical formulas

<name>.eqn
    for the mathematical use of equations

<name>.pic
    graphical tool

<name>.tbl
    for tables with tbl

<name>.ref
    for files using the prefer preprocessor

  Classical Roff Files

<name>.t
<name>.tr
    for files using the roff language of any kind

NEW GROFF EXTENSIONS
GNU roff groff is the actual roff standard, both for classical roff and new extensions. So even the used new extensions in the source code should be regarded as actual standard. The following extensions are used instead of classical .t or .tr:

<name>.groff
<name>.roff
    general ending for files using the groff language

  Source Code for Macro Packages (TMAC Files)
As the classical form tmac.<package_without_m>, of the TMAC file names is quite strange, groff added the following structures:

<package_without_m>.tmac
m<package>.tmac
groff_m<package>.tmac

  Files Using new Macro Packages
Groff uses the following new macro packages:

<name>.mmse
    file with swedish mm macros for groff

<name>.mom
    files written in the groff macro package mom

<name>.www
    files written in HTML-like groff macros.

  Preprocessors and Postprocessors

<name>.hdtbl
    a new tbl format. See groff_hdtbl(7).

<name>.grap
    files written for the graphical grap processor.

<name>.grn
    for including gremlin(1), pictures, see grn(1).

<name>.pdfroff
    transform this file with pdfroff of the groff system

SEE ALSO

History and future
    roff(7), man-pages(7), groff_diff(7), groff(7)

Compression
    uncompress(1posix), gzip2(1), bzip2(1), xz(1)

A man-page of the naming form name(n) can be read in text mode by
        man n name
or in graphical mode (PDF) by
        groffer n name

Gunnar Ritter's Heirloom roff project (https://github.com/n-t-roff/heirloom-doctools). You can get this package with the shell command:
        $ git clone https://github.com/n-t-roff/heirloom-doctools

COPYING

AUTHORS